Composting as an environmentally safe method of organic waste utilization

Abstract

The article summarizes the theoretical and practical foundations of composting as an environmentally safe method of organic waste utilization aimed at reducing anthropogenic pressure on the environment and improving soil fertility. The purpose of the study is to determine the role of composting in the formation of environmentally oriented waste management systems and the prospects for its widespread implementation in Ukraine in the context of the principles of the circular economy and sustainable development. The research applies methods of comparative analysis, systematization of scientific sources, and generalization of previous research results, which made it possible to analyze the potential of using the organic fraction of municipal solid waste and to identify opportunities for expanding composting practices in Ukraine. It was found that composting is one of the most promising areas of biological treatment of organic waste, allowing for the reduction of waste volumes destined for landfilling and for the mitigation of methane emissions. The use of compost as an organic fertilizer improves soil fertility, increases carbon sequestration, and reduces the need for mineral fertilizers. An analysis of foreign experience showed that composting is an integral part of municipal biowaste management programs, whereas in Ukraine this process is still in its formative stage. Pilot projects have been implemented in several urban communities; however, the spread of such practices is constrained by insufficient waste management infrastructure, limited funding, and a low level of environmental awareness among the population. The study identifies prospects for sustainable and environmentally safe development of composting in Ukraine. It proposes involving state regulation in setting standards for compost contamination by harmful substances, improving the management of separate waste collection, and providing incentives for enterprises engaged in composting-based waste utilization. It also suggests the introduction of modern intelligent composting technologies and digital tools (IoT) for managing organic waste and agricultural processes. It is emphasized that cooperation among different stakeholders involved in composting and raising public awareness and education are crucial. The summarized findings confirm that composting of organic waste is a key tool for resource conservation and environmental safety, and its implementation will contribute to Ukraine’s transition toward a circular economy and sustainable waste management system.