Formation of allelopathic activity of Helianthus tuberosus L. (Asteraceae) varieties in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine
Abstract
Purpose. To investigate the effect of water-soluble secretions from different varieties of Jerusalem artichoke on biotest plants when growing the crop in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Average samples (soil, vegetative organs) were selected according to the phases of plant development during the growing season on energy crop cultivation sites. Laboratory method – determination of the effect of water-soluble plant secretions on the germination of watercress seeds, root growth of daily seedlings of biotest plants. Mathematical and statistical method – processing of experimental data to establish the effect and index of allelopathic activity. Results. The article presents the results of studies on the allelopathic activity of water-soluble secretions of Jerusalem artichoke plants during vegetation. Plant secretions affect the germination of watercress seeds in the regrowth phase: the lowest rate was observed under the influence of secretions from the ‘Fiolet Kyivskyi’ variety, and the highest for the ‘Uspikh’ variety (82 % and 100 %, respectively). In the vegetation phase, germination was 42 % under the influence of secretions in the rhizosphere. In the phase of the end of vegetation, under the influence of secretions in the rhizosphere, an increase in germination was observed from 77 % (Diet) to 100 % (Violet Kyiv). In the regrowth phase, the lowest indicators of the effect of water-soluble stem secretions on the germination of watercress seeds are characteristic of plants of the Dietic variety, and the highest – of the Success variety (79 % and 96 %, respectively). No differences were found in the effect of stem secretions of different varieties on the germination of watercress seeds during the vegetation phase. At the end of the vegetation phase, the germination of biotester seeds under the influence of stem secretions ranges from 88 % (Uspikh) to 100 % (Fiolet Kyivskyi). Water-soluble secretions from the leaves of different varieties of Jerusalem artichoke affect the germination of watercress seeds and differ in plants of different varieties depending on the phase of development: in the regrowth phase, the indicators range from 75 % (Uspikh variety) to 93 % (Dietichny variety); in the vegetation phase, the maximum germination rate is 50 % (Fiolet Kyivskyi variety), for other varieties it is 42 %. At the end of the growing season, leaf secretions from the ‘Uspekh’ variety do not inhibit seed germination, while the maximum inhibitory effect is characteristic of leaf secretions from plants of the ‘Dietichny’ variety. The length of watercress sprout roots is influenced by water-soluble secretions in the rhizosphere and vegetative organs, which have varietal characteristics and differences depending on the stage of development. The highest root length values for watercress were observed during the regrowth phase of Jerusalem artichoke under the influence of secretions from the ‘Diet’ and ‘Violet Kyiv’ varieties, while under the influence of secretions of the ‘Success’ variety, the growth in watercress root length was 21.6 % less than the control. Water-soluble extracts from stems and leaves inhibit the length of seedling roots compared to the control. Plants of the ‘Uspekh’ variety are characterized by the greatest inhibitory effect of water-soluble secretions from stems and leaves, under which the length of watercress seedlings’ roots is 30 and 36 % less than the control. During the vegetation phase, the roots of watercress were shorter in all variants compared to the control group. The allocation of plants of the ‘Uspekh’ variety to the rhizosphere and stems had a greater negative effect on root length compared to other varieties. The length of watercress roots under the influence of leaf secretions from plants of the ‘Diet’ variety was 20.7 % shorter than the control, and that of the ‘Success’ variety was 11.3 % shorter. At the end of the vegetation phase, the smallest root length values were characteristic of the influence of plant organ secretions of all variants. Water-soluble secretions in the rhizosphere and stems of plants of the ‘Diet’ variety had a noticeable stimulating effect and exceeded the length of control plants by 24.7 and 16.9 %, while leaf secretions inhibited this indicator. Under the influence of plant secretions of the ‘Fiolet Kyivskyi’ variety, the root length of watercress was greater than the control and ranged from 1.2 % (stem secretions) to 19.0 % (secretions in the rhizosphere). Under the influence of water-soluble secretions of plants of the ‘Uspikh’ variety, the length of watercress roots was less than the control, ranging from 25.5 % for stem secretions to 0.7 % for secretions in the rhizosphere zone. The allelopathic activity index showed that water-soluble secretions from the vegetative organs of Jerusalem artichoke plants of the studied varieties have an inhibitory effect on the root length of daily watercress seedlings, while the secretions in the rhizosphere zone of plants of the ‘Diet’ and ‘Violet Kyiv’ varieties have a stimulating effect. For plants of the ‘Success’ variety in the regrowth phase, an inhibitory effect on the root length of seedlings is characteristic. Water-soluble secretions of Jerusalem artichoke plants in the vegetation phase have an inhibitory effect. In the phase of the end of vegetation, the secretions of plants of the ‘Diet’ and ‘Violet Kiev’ varieties have a stimulating effect. Water-soluble secretions from the vegetative organs of Jerusalem artichoke plants of the ‘Success’ variety have an inhibitory effect throughout the entire vegetation period, which may indicate the presence of phytotoxic potential in plants of this variety. Conclusions. In the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine, Jerusalem artichoke varieties grown on the experimental fields of energy crops of the National Scientific and Production Center of the Ministry of Agriculture of Ukraine are allelopathically active. Activity indicators depend on the phase of plant development, vegetative organs, and varietal characteristics, and have a stimulating and inhibiting effect on seed germination and root length of daily watercress seedlings. The highest indicators of inhibitory action in the conditions of the Southern Steppe of Ukraine are found in Jerusalem artichoke plants of the ‘Uspikh’ variety. Further research into the formation of allelopathic activity of plant residues during their decomposition will help to establish whether allelopathy of water-soluble secretions contributes to the non-invasiveness of the crop at the variety level.
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