Results of recent studies of soil varieties in Antarctica. A review
Abstract
Antarctica is not represented on almost all soil maps of the world. Meanwhile, on this continent there are not only soils, but even serve the laws of their latitudinal zonation. This means that the soils of warm coasts are very different from the soils of frosty inland areas. However, high-grade soils are represented here only by rare small areas among the stony placers of the mainland. Antarctic soil substrates are diverse and occupy scanty areas across the continent. Their uniqueness provides great opportunities to study fundamental environmental problems. These environments change very slowly over millennia, to the extent that the continent's glacial conditions affect them. However, the effects of global warming, anthropogenic factors and wildlife have increased in recent decades on the Antarctic environment. This situation is primarily reflected in the areas not covered by ice, in particular on soil differences in the characteristics of certain Antarctic biogeographical zones. The use of modern research methods makes it possible to effectively study the various properties of individual soil environments, which allows us to trace the direction of their evolution over time. To understand the driving forces of the development of different microbial groups, it is necessary to carry out a systematic quantitative assessment of the chemical composition of soils and the peculiarities of changes in the relevant biochemical cycles. Such monitoring, in turn, will allow to build forecast models of ecological situation development in different regions of the continent under the influence of external variables factors. After all, in the presence of fragmentary and incomplete research results of a number of Antarctic soils, analysts do not have enough quantitative estimates needed to substantiate such predictions.
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