A look at the world’s 6th largest seed market: India
Keywords:
India, agriculture, seeds, market, production
Abstract
The total area is 200 million hectares and the numberof people employed in agriculture and related activitiesin India is 600 million. The Indian seed industry is welldeveloped and ranks 6th in the world. The country isdominated by non-irrigated agriculture, which suffers fromwater, energy and labor shortages; has higher productioncosts, low profitability, low agricultural intensity, problemswith unstable and low yields associated with unpredictabilityof natural moisture, biotic and abiotic stresses, traditionalfarming methods and low availability of certified seeds.But India is a dynamic country, and it is solving problemsstep by step with the help of international investors. In this review, we will look at the Indian seed market to identifysome opportunities and threats for seed sector investorsin this tropical country. Results of research. Indianseed sector has a pivotal role in Indian agriculture. Seedmarket is segmented by type, crops, seed treatment, trait,competition, geography and advanced technology content.Seed sector in India consist of big public sector and growingprivate sector. India has a bright future for seed market.Open varietal seeds dominate Indian seed business butthis is changing by evolving consumers preference for highvaluecrop well adopted to processing and long distancetransport. Acceptance of hybrid corn and Bt cotton isenormous in India.Conclusions. Due to the wide variety of climatic,geographical, social, agricultural and market conditionsacross India, it is better to enter this market ina new consortium that includes companies from differentsegments. A second consortium of small and mediumsizedIndian partners can also be useful in building a stableand complex network that can become a more locallyaccepted international agglomeration. This system can notonly support sustainable trade, but also improve knowledgeof local agriculture for the benefit of low-income farmers.This strategy of mutual benefit is likely to increase farmers’incomes.
References
1. Arora, A., & Bansal, S. (2012). Diffusion of Bt cotton in India: Impact of seed prices and varietal approval. Applied Economic Perspectives and Policy, 34(1): 102–118.
2. Balraj, S., & Tomar, B.S. (2015). Vegetable seed production under protected and open field conditions in India: a review. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 85(10): 1251–1259.
3. Bhandari, H.R., Bera, A., Kar, C.S., & Biswas, S. (2018). Stability assessment of jute seed production system in lower Gangetic plains of India. Industrial Crops and Products, 125: 505–510.
4. Birthal, P.S., & Hazrana, J. (2019). Crop diversification and resilience of agriculture to climatic shocks: Evidence from India. Agricultural systems, 173: 345–354.
5. Boelt, B., Julier, B., Karagić, Đ., & Hampton, J. (2015). Legume seed production meeting market requirements and economic impacts. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 34(1-3): 412–427.
6. Bold, T., Kaizzi, K., Svensson, J., & Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2015). Low quality, low returns, low adoption: evidence from the market for fertilizer and hybrid seed in Uganda. London, England : Centre for Economic Policy Research.
7. Chauhan, J.S., Prasad, S.R., Pal, S., & Choudhury, P.R. (2017). Seed systems and supply chain of rice in India. Journal of Rice Research, 10(1): 9–15.
8. Chauhan, J.S., Prasad, S.R., Pal, S., Choudhury, P.R., & Bhaskar, K.U. (2016). Seed production of field crops in India: Quality assurance, status, impact and way forward. Indian Journal Agricultural Sciences, 86(5): 563–579.
9. Chauhan, J.S., Singh, B.B., & Gupta, S. (2016). Enhancing pulses production in India through improving seed and variety replacement rates. Indian J Genet Plant Breed, 76(4): 410–419.
10. Edson, S.A., & Akyoo, A.M. (2020). Implication of quality uncertainty on market exchange: The case of seed industry in Kilolo district, Tanzania. Emerald Open Research, 2: 31.
11. Flister, L., & Galushko, V. (2016). The impact of wheat market liberalization on the seed industry’s innovative capacity: an assessment of Brazil’s experience. Agricultural and Food Economics, 4(1): 1–20.
12. Ghimire, S., Mehar, M., & Mittal, S. (2012). Influence of sources of seed on varietal adoption behavior of wheat farmers in indo-gangetic plains of India. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 25(347-2016-17060): 399–408.
13. Hossack, F., & An, H. (2015). Does payment type affect willingness-to-pay? Valuing new seed varieties in India. Environment and Development Economics, 20(3):407–423.
14. Jat, R.K., Singh, R.G., Kumar, M., Jat, M. L., Parihar, C.M., Bijarniya, D., & Gupta, R.K. (2019). Ten years of conservation agriculture in a rice– maize rotation of Eastern Gangetic Plains of India: Yield trends, water productivity and economic profitability. Field Crops Research, 232: 1–10.
15. Kadiyala, S., Harris-Fry, H., Pradhan, R., Mohanty, S., Padhan, S., Rath, S., & Allen, E. (2021). Effect of nutrition- sensitive agriculture interventions with participatory videos and women’s group meetings on maternal and child nutritional outcomes in rural Odisha, India (UPAVAN trial): a four-arm, observer-blind, clusterrandomised controlled trial. The Lancet. Planetary health, S2542-5196.
16. Kolady, D.E., Spielman, D.J., & Cavalieri, A. (2012). The impact of seed policy reforms and intellectual property rights on crop productivity in India. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 63(2): 361–384.
17. Kraft, K.H., de Jesús Luna-Ruíz, J., & Gepts, P. (2010). Different seed selection and conservation practices for fresh market and dried chile farmers in Aguascalientes, Mexico. Economic Botany, 64(4): 318–328.
18. Kuhlmann, K., & Dey, B. (2021). Using Regulatory Flexibility to Address Market Informality in Seed Systems: A Global Study. Agronomy, 11(2): 377.
19. Kulkarni, K., Seema, Z.S., & Jadhav, M. (2017). Market structure of cotton seed in Nanded district of Maharashtra. International Journal of Commerce and Business Management. 10(2): 112–115.
20. Lianos, I., Katalevsky, D., & Ivanov, A. (2016). The global seed market, competition law and intellectual property rights: Untying the Gordian knot. CLES Research Paper Series ISBN, 978-1.
21. Mloza-Banda, H., Kaudzu, G., & Benesi, I. (2010). Evaluation of the Malawi seed sector for the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Harmonized Seed Regulations and policies. Lusaka: COMESA.
22. Mula, M.G., Saxena, K.B., Gaur, P.M., & Upadhyaya, H.D. (2013). Legumes Seed System in Asia: A Case in India. In: FAO & ICRISAT 2015.
23. Community Seed Production, by Ojiewo, C.O., Kugbei, S., Bishaw, Z. & Rubyogo, J.C. (Eds). (2013). Workshop Proceedings, 9-11 December 2013, Jupiter International Hotel, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
24. Nirmala, B., & Viraktamath, B.C. (2011). Economics of hybrid rice seed production in India. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Philippines. ISBN 978-971-22-0252-0.
25. Pal, G., Radhika, C., Bhaskar, K.U., Ram, H., & Prasad, S.R. (2016). A study on comparative economics of grain and seed production of groundnut in Karnataka, India. Journal of Experimental A g r i c u l t u r e International, 1–9.
26. Parihar, C.M., Parihar, M.D., Sapkota, T.B., Nanwal, R.K., Singh, A.K., Jat, S. L., & Jat, M.L. (2018). Longterm impact of conservation agriculture and diversified maize rotations on carbon pools and stocks, mineral nitrogen fractions and nitrous oxide fluxes in inceptisol of India. Science of the Total Environment, 640: 1382–1392.
27. Pradhan, A., Chan, C., Roul, P.K., Halbrendt, J., & Sipes, B. (2018). Potential of conservation agriculture (CA) for climate change adaptation and food security under rainfed uplands of India: A transdisciplinary approach. Agricultural Systems, 163: 27–35.
28. Prasad, S.R., Chauhan, J.S., & Sripathy, K.V. (2017). An overview of national and international seed quality assurance systems and strategies for energizing seed production chain of field crops in India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 87(3): 287–300.
29. Ramamoorthy, K., Sivasubramaniam, K., Kannan, A., & Sc, M. (2013). Seed legislation in India. Agrobios (India).
30. Schreinemachers, P., Rao, K.P.C., Easdown, W., Hanson, P., & Kumar, S. (2017). The contribution of international vegetable breeding to private seed companies in India. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 64(5): 1037–1049.
31. Singh, R.P. (2013). Issues and strategies to correct missing links in seed sector of India. Journal of Research (BAU), 25(1): 1–15.
32. Singh, R.P., & Agrawal, R.C. (2018). Improving efficiency of seed system by appropriating farmer’s rights in India through adoption and implementation of policy of quality declared seed schemes in parallel. MOJ Eco Environ Sci, 3(6): 387–391.
33. Singh, S.K., Dubey, S.K., Ali, M., Nigam, S.N., Srivastava, R.K., Saxena, K.B., & Kumar, A. (2013). Development and promotion of an informal and formal seed system through farmer participatory seed production of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) in Uttar Pradesh, India. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 37(5): 531–549.
34. Spielman, D.J., Kolady, D.E., Cavalieri, A., & Rao, N.C. (2014). The seed and agricultural biotechnology industries in India: An analysis of industry structure, competition, and policy options. Food Policy, 45: 88–100.
35. Spielman, D.J., Kolady, D., Cavalieri, A., & Rao, N.C. (2019). The seed and agricultural biotechnology industries in India. Gates Open Res, 3.
36. Swain, B.B. (2012). Determinants of farmers’ participation in contract farming: the cases of gherkin and paddy seed in Andhra Pradesh, India. Millennial Asia, 3(2): 169–185.
37. Tiwari, A. (2020). Plant Breeding and Seed Industry in India. In Commercial Status of Plant Breeding in India (pp. 17–70). Springer, Singapore.
38. Trauger, A. (2015). Seed sovereignty as civil disobedience in northern India. Food Sovereignty in International Context: Discourse, Politics and Practice of Place, London: Routledge, 106–124
39. Zhang, W. (2014). Product Differentiation Choices and Biotechnology Adoption: The US Corn Seed Market (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Wisconsin-Madison).
2. Balraj, S., & Tomar, B.S. (2015). Vegetable seed production under protected and open field conditions in India: a review. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 85(10): 1251–1259.
3. Bhandari, H.R., Bera, A., Kar, C.S., & Biswas, S. (2018). Stability assessment of jute seed production system in lower Gangetic plains of India. Industrial Crops and Products, 125: 505–510.
4. Birthal, P.S., & Hazrana, J. (2019). Crop diversification and resilience of agriculture to climatic shocks: Evidence from India. Agricultural systems, 173: 345–354.
5. Boelt, B., Julier, B., Karagić, Đ., & Hampton, J. (2015). Legume seed production meeting market requirements and economic impacts. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 34(1-3): 412–427.
6. Bold, T., Kaizzi, K., Svensson, J., & Yanagizawa-Drott, D. (2015). Low quality, low returns, low adoption: evidence from the market for fertilizer and hybrid seed in Uganda. London, England : Centre for Economic Policy Research.
7. Chauhan, J.S., Prasad, S.R., Pal, S., & Choudhury, P.R. (2017). Seed systems and supply chain of rice in India. Journal of Rice Research, 10(1): 9–15.
8. Chauhan, J.S., Prasad, S.R., Pal, S., Choudhury, P.R., & Bhaskar, K.U. (2016). Seed production of field crops in India: Quality assurance, status, impact and way forward. Indian Journal Agricultural Sciences, 86(5): 563–579.
9. Chauhan, J.S., Singh, B.B., & Gupta, S. (2016). Enhancing pulses production in India through improving seed and variety replacement rates. Indian J Genet Plant Breed, 76(4): 410–419.
10. Edson, S.A., & Akyoo, A.M. (2020). Implication of quality uncertainty on market exchange: The case of seed industry in Kilolo district, Tanzania. Emerald Open Research, 2: 31.
11. Flister, L., & Galushko, V. (2016). The impact of wheat market liberalization on the seed industry’s innovative capacity: an assessment of Brazil’s experience. Agricultural and Food Economics, 4(1): 1–20.
12. Ghimire, S., Mehar, M., & Mittal, S. (2012). Influence of sources of seed on varietal adoption behavior of wheat farmers in indo-gangetic plains of India. Agricultural Economics Research Review, 25(347-2016-17060): 399–408.
13. Hossack, F., & An, H. (2015). Does payment type affect willingness-to-pay? Valuing new seed varieties in India. Environment and Development Economics, 20(3):407–423.
14. Jat, R.K., Singh, R.G., Kumar, M., Jat, M. L., Parihar, C.M., Bijarniya, D., & Gupta, R.K. (2019). Ten years of conservation agriculture in a rice– maize rotation of Eastern Gangetic Plains of India: Yield trends, water productivity and economic profitability. Field Crops Research, 232: 1–10.
15. Kadiyala, S., Harris-Fry, H., Pradhan, R., Mohanty, S., Padhan, S., Rath, S., & Allen, E. (2021). Effect of nutrition- sensitive agriculture interventions with participatory videos and women’s group meetings on maternal and child nutritional outcomes in rural Odisha, India (UPAVAN trial): a four-arm, observer-blind, clusterrandomised controlled trial. The Lancet. Planetary health, S2542-5196.
16. Kolady, D.E., Spielman, D.J., & Cavalieri, A. (2012). The impact of seed policy reforms and intellectual property rights on crop productivity in India. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 63(2): 361–384.
17. Kraft, K.H., de Jesús Luna-Ruíz, J., & Gepts, P. (2010). Different seed selection and conservation practices for fresh market and dried chile farmers in Aguascalientes, Mexico. Economic Botany, 64(4): 318–328.
18. Kuhlmann, K., & Dey, B. (2021). Using Regulatory Flexibility to Address Market Informality in Seed Systems: A Global Study. Agronomy, 11(2): 377.
19. Kulkarni, K., Seema, Z.S., & Jadhav, M. (2017). Market structure of cotton seed in Nanded district of Maharashtra. International Journal of Commerce and Business Management. 10(2): 112–115.
20. Lianos, I., Katalevsky, D., & Ivanov, A. (2016). The global seed market, competition law and intellectual property rights: Untying the Gordian knot. CLES Research Paper Series ISBN, 978-1.
21. Mloza-Banda, H., Kaudzu, G., & Benesi, I. (2010). Evaluation of the Malawi seed sector for the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Harmonized Seed Regulations and policies. Lusaka: COMESA.
22. Mula, M.G., Saxena, K.B., Gaur, P.M., & Upadhyaya, H.D. (2013). Legumes Seed System in Asia: A Case in India. In: FAO & ICRISAT 2015.
23. Community Seed Production, by Ojiewo, C.O., Kugbei, S., Bishaw, Z. & Rubyogo, J.C. (Eds). (2013). Workshop Proceedings, 9-11 December 2013, Jupiter International Hotel, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
24. Nirmala, B., & Viraktamath, B.C. (2011). Economics of hybrid rice seed production in India. International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Philippines. ISBN 978-971-22-0252-0.
25. Pal, G., Radhika, C., Bhaskar, K.U., Ram, H., & Prasad, S.R. (2016). A study on comparative economics of grain and seed production of groundnut in Karnataka, India. Journal of Experimental A g r i c u l t u r e International, 1–9.
26. Parihar, C.M., Parihar, M.D., Sapkota, T.B., Nanwal, R.K., Singh, A.K., Jat, S. L., & Jat, M.L. (2018). Longterm impact of conservation agriculture and diversified maize rotations on carbon pools and stocks, mineral nitrogen fractions and nitrous oxide fluxes in inceptisol of India. Science of the Total Environment, 640: 1382–1392.
27. Pradhan, A., Chan, C., Roul, P.K., Halbrendt, J., & Sipes, B. (2018). Potential of conservation agriculture (CA) for climate change adaptation and food security under rainfed uplands of India: A transdisciplinary approach. Agricultural Systems, 163: 27–35.
28. Prasad, S.R., Chauhan, J.S., & Sripathy, K.V. (2017). An overview of national and international seed quality assurance systems and strategies for energizing seed production chain of field crops in India. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 87(3): 287–300.
29. Ramamoorthy, K., Sivasubramaniam, K., Kannan, A., & Sc, M. (2013). Seed legislation in India. Agrobios (India).
30. Schreinemachers, P., Rao, K.P.C., Easdown, W., Hanson, P., & Kumar, S. (2017). The contribution of international vegetable breeding to private seed companies in India. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 64(5): 1037–1049.
31. Singh, R.P. (2013). Issues and strategies to correct missing links in seed sector of India. Journal of Research (BAU), 25(1): 1–15.
32. Singh, R.P., & Agrawal, R.C. (2018). Improving efficiency of seed system by appropriating farmer’s rights in India through adoption and implementation of policy of quality declared seed schemes in parallel. MOJ Eco Environ Sci, 3(6): 387–391.
33. Singh, S.K., Dubey, S.K., Ali, M., Nigam, S.N., Srivastava, R.K., Saxena, K.B., & Kumar, A. (2013). Development and promotion of an informal and formal seed system through farmer participatory seed production of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L.) in Uttar Pradesh, India. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 37(5): 531–549.
34. Spielman, D.J., Kolady, D.E., Cavalieri, A., & Rao, N.C. (2014). The seed and agricultural biotechnology industries in India: An analysis of industry structure, competition, and policy options. Food Policy, 45: 88–100.
35. Spielman, D.J., Kolady, D., Cavalieri, A., & Rao, N.C. (2019). The seed and agricultural biotechnology industries in India. Gates Open Res, 3.
36. Swain, B.B. (2012). Determinants of farmers’ participation in contract farming: the cases of gherkin and paddy seed in Andhra Pradesh, India. Millennial Asia, 3(2): 169–185.
37. Tiwari, A. (2020). Plant Breeding and Seed Industry in India. In Commercial Status of Plant Breeding in India (pp. 17–70). Springer, Singapore.
38. Trauger, A. (2015). Seed sovereignty as civil disobedience in northern India. Food Sovereignty in International Context: Discourse, Politics and Practice of Place, London: Routledge, 106–124
39. Zhang, W. (2014). Product Differentiation Choices and Biotechnology Adoption: The US Corn Seed Market (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Wisconsin-Madison).
Published
2021-09-17
Section
BREEDING, SEED PRODUCTION
