Значення кореневої системи сільсько-господарських культур в умовах зміни клімату та дефіциту ресурсів
Ключові слова:
архітектура кореневої системи, продуктивність, стрес, вплив зовнішніх факторів, генотипи
Анотація
Вступ. Зміна клімату призвела до частих екстремальних погодних явищ, особливо нерегулярних опадів. Це викликає біотичні і абіотичні стреси у сільськогосподарських рослин, що негативно впливають на їх продктивність. Результати. Аналіз літературного матеріалу показав, що будова кореневої системи (RSA) є потужним індикатором, що відображає забезпеченість рослин поживними речовинами, а також для визначення її відповідних реакцій на зовнішні фактори. Вона відіграє життєво важливу роль у продуктивності та адаптації рослин до різних середовищ та їй належить центральна роль у продуктивності та стійкості всіх рослинних екосистем у здатності їх існуванню, взагалі. Тому, зростає визнання того, що майбутні прирости врожайності, можуть бути досягнуті шляхом оптимізації RSA. Основні елементи архітектури RSA це довжина первинного кореня, щільність бічних кореня та під яким кутом по відношенню до стрижневого вони розташовані у ґрунті, діаметр коренів. Зовнішні фактори, такі як доступність води та поживних речовин, регулюють формування бічних і додаткових коренів та залежно від цього вони можуть поширюватися не глибоко поверхнево або заглиблюватись. Генотипи з більшою розгалуженістю, щільністю бічних коренів та довжиною стрижневого кореня й високою врожайністю розглядаються як глибоко вкорінені та придатні для середовища з водним та азотним стресом, а генотипи з меншою щільністю бічних розгалужень, неглибокі придатні для середовищ із низьким вмістом фосфору. На архітектуру кореневої системи впливають мікроорганізми: бактерії та гриби які викликають безліч модифікацій у морфології коренів, залежно від культури, штаму ризобактерій PGPR та виду мікоризних грибів AMF. Загальною рисою Ризобактерії PGPR є модифікація бічних коренів. Висновок. Використання мікоризних грибів AMF, збільшує ступінь розгалуження коренів, збільшення загальної довжини, площі поверхні та об’єму коренів. Пряме фенотипування залишається актуальною проблемою. Для вирішення цього завдання виділяється наступні методи: добре контрольовані лабораторні, які дають змогу автоматично фенотипувати RSA, помірно контрольовані тепличні та польові методи де досліджуються зрілі кореневі системи у реальних ґрунтових умовах у полі із застосуванням інтегрованого способу: візуальна оцінка, ручні вимірювання та аналіз зображення з допомогою 2D, 3D.
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