Роль мікроорганізмів у сільському господарстві в умовах дефіциту ресурсів та зміни клімату – огляд
Ключові слова:
ризобактерії, AMF, фіксація азоту, солюбілізація фосфору, сидерофори, біоконтроль захворювань
Анотація
Вступ. Зміна клімату, нестача ресурсів та водночас їх збереження ставлять перед сільським господарством нові завдання для забезпечення продовольчої безпеки.Широке використання мікроорганізмів дозволить вирішити цю проблему. Взаємодія рослин і бактерій у ризосфері відбувається через безліч процесів, але головними є ті, що визначають ріст і розвиток рослин та родючість ґрунту. Результати. Ризобактерії PGPR проявляють свій благотворний вплив по-різному, або стимулюють природні процеси для посилення та підвищення поглинання поживних речовин та їх засвоєння і синтезують певні сполуки для рослин, чи запобігають та захищають рослини від хвороб і сприяють підвищенню їх стійкості до абіотичного стресу рослини за допомогою таких процесів, як синтез фітогормонів, фіксація азоту, солюбілізація фосфатів і біоконтроль захворювань. Встановлення симбіотичних відносин з азотфіксуючими бактеріями результатом якого, є важливий процес біологічної азотфіксації, де атмосферний азот повітря перетворюється на аміак (NH3), доступну форму азоту для рослин та завдяки цьому процесу бобові культури щорічно здатні фіксувати приблизно від 100 до 300 кг/га атмосферного азоту (N2) при правильному підборі сортштам. Крім того, за допомогою процесу солюбілізації фосфату, PGPR розчиняють фосфор та інші мінеральні поживні речовини, цим підвищують їх доступність для рослин. Мікроорганізми (PSM), особливо фосфатсолюбізуючі бактерії (PSB), що солюбілізують фосфат, відіграють дуже важливу роль у живленні рослин фосфором. До того ж, є бактерії, що розчиняють калій (KSB).Ризобактерії також здійснюють біоконтроль захворювань, вони продукують сидерофори і окрім покращення стану рослин і живлення залізом, вони ще пригнічують ріст інших мікроорганізмів зокрема, перешкоджають росту патогенів, шляхом обмеження доступу патогену до заліза. Арбускулярні мікоризні гриби (AMF) можуть співіснувати з більш ніж 70-90% видами рослин для встановлення симбіотичних стосунків, із стійким симбіозом між ними. У симбіозі, рослини-господарі забезпечують гриби AM джерелом органічного вуглецю, і контролюється як рослиною, так і грибом, щоб підтримувати стабільні симбіотичні стосунки. Рослини-господарі обирають найкращих партнерів для симбіозу та постачають їм більшу кількість вуглеводів в обмін, отриманих від грибів, більше мінеральних поживних речовин. У таких мутуалістичних стосунках, мікоризний гриб сприяє більшому поглинанню поживних речовин рослинами-господарями (фосфор, вода та мінерали) за рахунок збільшення кореневої системи та рослини, які колонізовані AMF, мають кращу стійкість до екологічних стресів, таких як посуха, холод, забруднення. Висновок.Правильний підбір ризобактерій, АМФ та рослин-господаря, при їх спільному застосуванні, може забезпечити високий синергітичний ефект за різними ознаками та властивостями (рівень симбіотичної азотфіксації, активізація загальної захисной системи рослини, архитектура кореня, продуктивність).
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Опубліковано
2025-07-18
Розділ
МЕЛІОРАЦІЯ, ЗЕМЛЕРОБСТВО, РОСЛИННИЦТВО
