INFLUENCE OF HYDROTHERMAL CONDITIONS ON THE NUTRIENT REGIME AND PRODUCTIVITY OF TYPICAL CHERNOZEM
Abstract
Aim. To establish trends in changes of the main nutrient regime parameters of typical chernozem and crop yields in various crop rotations relative to the dynamics of agrometeorological factors under conditions of unstable moisture in the Left-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. To optimize crop rotations to ensure soil fertility restoration, taking into account the soil-climatic, economic, and social characteristics of farms. Methods. In the course of the research work, general scientific and specialized agricultural research methods were used to achieve the set aim. Assessment of changes in the agrometeorological resources of the territory was carried out using the method of mathematical and statistical analysis of thermal and moisture supply indicators: climatic water balance and precipitation. Data from the stationary field experiment were processed using methods of systemic generalization, as well as correlational, economic, and calculation-comparative analyses. Results. Based on the data from a stationary field experiment, it was established that in the 0 – 15 cm soil layer, the amount of easily hydrolyzable nitrogen compounds, available phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium fluctuated over the years within 80 – 140, 60 – 180, and 90 – 210 mg/kg of soil, respectively. Changes in nitrogen reserves are linked to the water balance formed during the first half of each study year (for winter wheat, R²=0.6). A correlation was also established between the amount of alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen in the topsoil and crop yields in the following year (for winter wheat, R²=0.7). The content of phosphorus and potassium correlates inversely (R²=0.6 and 0.7) with the amount of precipitation during the January – April period, which can be explained by their biological mobilization under favorable moisture conditions. According to the fluctuations in the soil’s nutrient supply, the conditional productivity potential of winter wheat varies from 4 to 6 t/ha for nitrogen, 4 to 7 t/ha for phosphorus, and 3 to 5 t/ha for potassium. The coefficient of variation for the yield of legumes is 30 – 33%, winter wheat – 33 – 37%, and spring barley – 36 – 37%, indicating low yield stability over the years. Crop yields also fluctuated significantly depending on the weather conditions of the year: peas within 0.8 – 3.2, grass pea – 0.8 – 2.6, winter wheat – 0.6 – 6.8, buckwheat – 0.6 – 1.9, and spring barley – 0.6 – 3.5 t/ha. The crop rotation including peas, with an average productivity of 2.4 t/ha of grain, outperforms others while maintaining similar fluctuation patterns depending on hydrothermal conditions. Conclusions. At the average statistical selling price, the profitability per 1 hectare of arable land for all studied crop rotations was at the same level, fluctuating from 27 – 35 USD/ha in unfavorable years to 97 – 104 USD/ha in favorable ones, with an average level of 66 – 73 USD/ha. Assuming that the selling price of organic products will be 25% higher compared to conventional ones, the average annual profitability will increase threefold.
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