Тhe effect of biological preparations on the photosynthetic and grain productivity of spring wheat crops

Abstract

Purpose. The article is devoted to highlighting the results of experimental studies on the effect of pre-sowing inoculation of spring wheat seeds with biological preparations on the dynamics of net photosynthetic productivity (NPS) and the overall level of grain productivity. It has been proven that the use of such bioagents as Heteroauxin, Phytocide, and Biomag has a significant positive effect on the intensification of these physiological and economically valuable indicators.
Methods. The effect of the following biological preparations was studied: Biomag (live cells of the bacterium Azotobacter chroococcum), Phytocide (a broad-spectrum biological fungicide based on the bacterium Bacillus subtilis), and Heteroauxin (β-indolylacetic acid).
The soil of the experimental field was podzolized chernozem (humus – 3,5 %, pH – 6,2). The availability of mobile phosphorus (88 mg/kg) and potassium (132 mg/kg) was determined using the Chirikov method; easily hydrolyzable nitrogen (103 mg/kg) was determined using the Kornfield method. The calculation of the CFP and the assessment of yield were carried out using standard methods. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using MS Excel.
Results. The studies confirmed that the productivity of the photosynthetic apparatus and grain yield were largely determined by both the specifics of the selected biological preparation and the hydrothermal conditions during the growing season. In addition, damage to the leaf surface by diseases had a negative effect on the intensity of photosynthetic processes and the overall productivity of the agrophytocenosis.
The results of the studies clearly reflect the dependence of crop productivity on the use of one or another bioagent. In particular, in the control variant of the experiment, the net photosynthetic productivity (NPP) in 2024 was 2,33 g/m² per day, while in 2025 it was 2,19 g/m². The grain productivity level in 2024 was 3,51 t/ha, while in 2025, this indicator was 2,96 t/ha.
According to the averaged data of two-year studies, pre-sowing seed inoculation ensured a positive trend in the growth of net photosynthetic productivity compared to the control. Thus, when using Heteroauxin, the increase in this indicator compared to the control was 7%, and when using Biomag, it was 14 %.
In line with the increase in photosynthetic potential, there was a proportional increase in grain yield: 12 % with the use of Heteroauxin, 17 % with the use of Phytocide, and 21 % with the use of Biomag.
The improvement in production parameters under the action of biological preparations (BP) is explained by their complex effect on the plant organism. The components of the studied preparations not only increase the coefficient of nutrient absorption from the soil, but also optimize key physiological and biochemical reactions in winter triticale plants due to the secretion of biologically active compounds.
Conclusions. Thus, the Biomag preparation demonstrated the highest agronomic and physiological efficiency in winter triticale crops. Its use made it possible to achieve the maximum average level of net photosynthetic productivity (2,58 g/m²) and ensured the highest grain yield – 3,91 t/ha, which is 14–21 % higher than the control values.