Allelopathic effect of post-harvest residues of predecessors on sowing qualities and germination of seeds of late spring crops
Abstract
Purpose. To establish the allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts of post-harvest residues of winter wheat, corn, soybeans, sunflowers, and buckwheat on the germination energy, laboratory germination, and germination rates of corn, soybean, and sunflower seeds. Methods. The main method was laboratory research, supplemented by correlation analysis. The allelopathic activity of post-harvest residues was assessed using test bioassays with aqueous extracts of various concentrations. Laboratory research was conducted at the Institute of Agriculture of the Steppe of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences. Results. Water extracts from post-harvest residues of winter wheat, corn, soybeans, sunflowers, and buckwheat had a differentiated effect on the germination energy and laboratory germination of corn, soybean, and sunflower seeds. The control indicators of germination energy and seed germination were the highest: corn – 88% and 92%, soybeans – 85% and 88%, sunflowers – 88% and 93%. A significant inhibitory effect was observed for corn seeds on extracts from sunflower residues, where germination energy was 5% lower and germination was 6% lower. A moderate effect was observed with the use of winter wheat and buckwheat residues (a decrease of 4–5%), a weak effect was observed with corn residues, and soybean residues had almost no effect on these indicators. Sunflower residues also had the most inhibitory effect on the length of corn seed sprouts. Soybean seeds reacted most negatively to winter wheat residues (83% germination energy, 86% germination), a moderate effect was observed for buckwheat and soybean residues, while corn and sunflower residues had a negligible effect. For sunflower seeds, winter wheat, sunflower, and buckwheat residues were the most inhibitory (a decrease in germination energy by 5–6% and germination by 5%), while corn and soybean residues had a weak effect (1–2%). An increase in the concentration of winter wheat post-harvest residues from 25% to 100% led to a decrease in the germination energy and germination rates of corn seeds by 3–5% and sunflower seeds by 4–6%, while corn residue extracts at a concentration of 25–100% had virtually no effect on the germination of corn and sunflower seeds. Conclusions. The effect of the method of harvesting predecessors (with or without removal of by-products) was already evident in the early stages of germination of late spring crops. Water extracts of winter wheat, sunflower, and buckwheat post-harvest residues reduced the germination energy and laboratory germination of seeds, while corn and soybean residues had a minimal effect. The greatest inhibitory effect was observed for corn and sunflower seeds on extracts from sunflower and winter wheat residues, while soybean seeds were relatively resistant. Sprout length indicators also decreased under the influence of allelochemical compounds, especially at high concentrations of winter wheat residues. The results indicate a differentiated allelopathic effect of post-harvest residues on the initial growth of crops. Taking these effects into account when planning crop rotations and choosing a method of soil cultivation will reduce the negative impact of by-products of predecessors on the germination and initial growth of late crops.
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